Monday, January 25, 2010
Wednesday, January 20, 2010
slides on gm negative bacteria
hey guys! you missed class the last time. check out the slides on gm negative bacteria on January 2008 posting and be ready for quiz...concentrate on N. meningitidis, spirochaete and leptospirosis...nice reading
Sunday, January 10, 2010
HIV lec slide
• A - Acquired - because it's a condition one must
acquire or get infected with
• I - Immune - because it affects the body's
immune system
• D - Deficiency - immune system because it
makes the immune system deficient
• S - Syndrome - because someone with AIDS
may experience a wide range of different
diseases and opportunistic infections
What is HIV?
• H - Human - because this virus can only infect
human beings.
• I - Immuno-deficiency - a failure to work
properly within the body's immune system
• V - Virus - because this organism is a virus,
incapable of reproducing by itself.
It reproduces by taking over the
machinery of the human
• HIV Disease" cover the entire HIV spectrum
• from initial infection to full-blown AIDS
• stages are representative of the experience of many people with HIV
• The time is variable
• For most people---the process of HIV disease is fairly slow
taking several years from infection to the development of severe immunodeficiency
• InfectionHIV enters the bloodstream
• begins to take up residence in the cells
• A person with HIV is infectious at all times.
• Maybe asymptomatic
• only way to find out if a person is infected is by taking an HIV antibody test.
Primary Infection (or Acute Infection)
• the first stage of HIV disease
• when the virus first establishes itself in the body.
• period of time between ---first infected with HIV and when antibodies are produced
• usually 6- 12 weeks
• 70% of people experience some "flu-like" symptoms.
fevers, chills, night sweats and rashes
• The remaining percentage of people maybe asymptomatic
acute HIV infection
• the virus makes its way to the lymph nodes
• HIV actively reproduces and releases new virus particles into the bloodstream.(2 mos.)
people with acute HIV infection usually will have negative HIV antibodies test
• takes the body approximately one to three months to produce antibodies against HIV.
Seroconversion
• time when the body produce antibodies to the virus.
• 95% within three months after infection.
• If first result is negative a second test done three months later.
Immune System Decline
• The virus appears to slowly damage the immune system for a number of years after infection
• a faster decline of the immune system occurs at some point
• the virus rapidly replicates
• This damage can be seen in blood tests such as lowered T-cell counts, before any actual symptoms are experienced.
Mild, Non-Specific Symptoms
• Once the immune system is damaged
• skin rashes
• fatigue
• slight weight loss
• night sweats
• thrush in the mouth, etc.
• it takes the average person five to seven years to experience their first mild symptom.
More Severe Symptoms; Opportunistic Infections and Diseases
• immune system damage is more severe
• may experience opportunistic infections
• Centers for Disease Control’s definition of full-blown "AIDS."
• Does everyone who has HIV
eventually get sick? =majority of untreated people do eventually
become ill from HIV
Some long-term survivors may do so well because
of their unique body chemistry,
or access to a combination of medical, emotional
and spiritual support,or something yet unknown to us
Treatment
• Antiviral Therapy
• The goal of antiviral therapy
• disable HIV replication
• reverse transcriptase-- a protein the virus must use in order to reproduce.
Protease inhibitors----interfere with HIV's use of the protease enzyme, another essential component to its reproduction
• Immune Boosting Therapy
• attempt to bolster the body's ability to fight HIV
• "therapeutic" vaccines+anti-viral therapy
• may improve the body's response to HIV.
• Other treatments boost CD4 count (T-cells), though this approach is not believed to be useful unless it is combined with an antiviral treatment.
Tests That Monitor The Immune System
• HIV viral load.
• testing measures the amount of HIV in blood plasma.
• CD4 count
• measures the number of CD4 cells in a blood sample.
• The CD4 count is one indicator of how much damage HIV has caused to the immune system.
• CD8 count
• CD8s are a different subset of T-cells that include suppressor T-cells and "killer" T-cells.
At this stage, several things can happen
• The new virus ("provirus") can remain inactive for a long time without triggering the reproduction of virus,
• divide into two proviruses- mitosis
• or it can start producing new virus
• budding off from the T-cell wall-- eventually destroying the T-cell.
• In the process of viral reproduction
• the virus destroys increasing numbers of T-cells
• leaving the body open to
opportunistic infections
How HIV Is Spread
• Requirements For Transmission to Occur
• 1. HIV must be present
• 2. In sufficient quantity
• 3. And it must get into the bloodstream.
Where is HIV Found in the Body?
• HIV can be transmitted from an infected person to another through:
Blood (including menstrual blood)
Semen
Vaginal secretions
Breast milk
• Possibly infectious "bodily fluids"
Pre-seminal fluid (pre-cum)
• Non-infectious "bodily fluids"
Saliva
Tears
Sweat
Feces
Urine
Activities That Allow HIV Transmission
• there are three primary ways in which this can happen:
• 1. Unprotected sexual contact
• 2. Direct blood contact
including injection drug needles, blood transfusions, accidents in health care settings or certain blood products
• 3. Mother to baby
before or during birth, or through breast milk
Sexual Routes Of Transmission
• Sexual intercourse (vaginal and anal)
• Oral sex (mouth-penis, mouth-vagina)
• Heterosexual transmission studies
Non-Sexual Routes Of Transmission
• Sharing injection needles
• Needle sticks
• Blood transfusions
• Hemophilia treatments
pooled blood of many donors
• Other blood products
• Mother to Child
HIV Is NOT Transmitted By
• Insect bites
• Casual contact
• sharing of dishes/foods
• Donating blood
• Swimming pools/bath tubs
• Pets
• Contact with saliva, tears,sweat,urine,feces
• Rape/sexual assault?
• Transmission Through Tattooing, Piercing, Acupuncture, Electrolysis, and Shaving
• What is the risk?
• Universal precautions
How the Immune System Fights Disease
Aids interfere with normal body response
acquire or get infected with
• I - Immune - because it affects the body's
immune system
• D - Deficiency - immune system because it
makes the immune system deficient
• S - Syndrome - because someone with AIDS
may experience a wide range of different
diseases and opportunistic infections
What is HIV?
• H - Human - because this virus can only infect
human beings.
• I - Immuno-deficiency - a failure to work
properly within the body's immune system
• V - Virus - because this organism is a virus,
incapable of reproducing by itself.
It reproduces by taking over the
machinery of the human
• HIV Disease" cover the entire HIV spectrum
• from initial infection to full-blown AIDS
• stages are representative of the experience of many people with HIV
• The time is variable
• For most people---the process of HIV disease is fairly slow
taking several years from infection to the development of severe immunodeficiency
• InfectionHIV enters the bloodstream
• begins to take up residence in the cells
• A person with HIV is infectious at all times.
• Maybe asymptomatic
• only way to find out if a person is infected is by taking an HIV antibody test.
Primary Infection (or Acute Infection)
• the first stage of HIV disease
• when the virus first establishes itself in the body.
• period of time between ---first infected with HIV and when antibodies are produced
• usually 6- 12 weeks
• 70% of people experience some "flu-like" symptoms.
fevers, chills, night sweats and rashes
• The remaining percentage of people maybe asymptomatic
acute HIV infection
• the virus makes its way to the lymph nodes
• HIV actively reproduces and releases new virus particles into the bloodstream.(2 mos.)
people with acute HIV infection usually will have negative HIV antibodies test
• takes the body approximately one to three months to produce antibodies against HIV.
Seroconversion
• time when the body produce antibodies to the virus.
• 95% within three months after infection.
• If first result is negative a second test done three months later.
Immune System Decline
• The virus appears to slowly damage the immune system for a number of years after infection
• a faster decline of the immune system occurs at some point
• the virus rapidly replicates
• This damage can be seen in blood tests such as lowered T-cell counts, before any actual symptoms are experienced.
Mild, Non-Specific Symptoms
• Once the immune system is damaged
• skin rashes
• fatigue
• slight weight loss
• night sweats
• thrush in the mouth, etc.
• it takes the average person five to seven years to experience their first mild symptom.
More Severe Symptoms; Opportunistic Infections and Diseases
• immune system damage is more severe
• may experience opportunistic infections
• Centers for Disease Control’s definition of full-blown "AIDS."
• Does everyone who has HIV
eventually get sick? =majority of untreated people do eventually
become ill from HIV
Some long-term survivors may do so well because
of their unique body chemistry,
or access to a combination of medical, emotional
and spiritual support,or something yet unknown to us
Treatment
• Antiviral Therapy
• The goal of antiviral therapy
• disable HIV replication
• reverse transcriptase-- a protein the virus must use in order to reproduce.
Protease inhibitors----interfere with HIV's use of the protease enzyme, another essential component to its reproduction
• Immune Boosting Therapy
• attempt to bolster the body's ability to fight HIV
• "therapeutic" vaccines+anti-viral therapy
• may improve the body's response to HIV.
• Other treatments boost CD4 count (T-cells), though this approach is not believed to be useful unless it is combined with an antiviral treatment.
Tests That Monitor The Immune System
• HIV viral load.
• testing measures the amount of HIV in blood plasma.
• CD4 count
• measures the number of CD4 cells in a blood sample.
• The CD4 count is one indicator of how much damage HIV has caused to the immune system.
• CD8 count
• CD8s are a different subset of T-cells that include suppressor T-cells and "killer" T-cells.
At this stage, several things can happen
• The new virus ("provirus") can remain inactive for a long time without triggering the reproduction of virus,
• divide into two proviruses- mitosis
• or it can start producing new virus
• budding off from the T-cell wall-- eventually destroying the T-cell.
• In the process of viral reproduction
• the virus destroys increasing numbers of T-cells
• leaving the body open to
opportunistic infections
How HIV Is Spread
• Requirements For Transmission to Occur
• 1. HIV must be present
• 2. In sufficient quantity
• 3. And it must get into the bloodstream.
Where is HIV Found in the Body?
• HIV can be transmitted from an infected person to another through:
Blood (including menstrual blood)
Semen
Vaginal secretions
Breast milk
• Possibly infectious "bodily fluids"
Pre-seminal fluid (pre-cum)
• Non-infectious "bodily fluids"
Saliva
Tears
Sweat
Feces
Urine
Activities That Allow HIV Transmission
• there are three primary ways in which this can happen:
• 1. Unprotected sexual contact
• 2. Direct blood contact
including injection drug needles, blood transfusions, accidents in health care settings or certain blood products
• 3. Mother to baby
before or during birth, or through breast milk
Sexual Routes Of Transmission
• Sexual intercourse (vaginal and anal)
• Oral sex (mouth-penis, mouth-vagina)
• Heterosexual transmission studies
Non-Sexual Routes Of Transmission
• Sharing injection needles
• Needle sticks
• Blood transfusions
• Hemophilia treatments
pooled blood of many donors
• Other blood products
• Mother to Child
HIV Is NOT Transmitted By
• Insect bites
• Casual contact
• sharing of dishes/foods
• Donating blood
• Swimming pools/bath tubs
• Pets
• Contact with saliva, tears,sweat,urine,feces
• Rape/sexual assault?
• Transmission Through Tattooing, Piercing, Acupuncture, Electrolysis, and Shaving
• What is the risk?
• Universal precautions
How the Immune System Fights Disease
Aids interfere with normal body response
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